The term power supply is more commonly abbreviated to PSU, this will be used from hereon in. Telecommunications equipment is designed to operate on voltages lower than the domestic Mains voltage. In order to reduce this voltage a PSU is used.
In order to power up the electronics experimental , many of electronics hobbyist have built [...]

Does an analog-to-digital converter cost you a lot if you need many bits of accuracy and dynamic range? Absolute accuracy better than 0.1% is likely to be expensive. But a capability for wide dynamic range can be quite inexpensive. Voltage-to-frequency (V-to-F) converters are becoming popular as a low-cost form of A-to-D conversion because they can [...]

This current to voltage converter rely on the very high input impedance of the operational amplifier. The input current (I) is forced through feedback resistor (Rf), and generates an output voltage equal to (-I x Rf). This output voltage is valid for output voltages from rail to rail, namely from -5 to +5 volts in [...]